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Essentials of Environmental Chemistry for Engineering Practice: Environmental Chemistry
Author: Yen, Ten Fu
Cover: Hard cover
List Price: $76.00
Published by Prentice Hall
Date Published: 05/1998
ISBN: 0132854201
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Preface xx
Foreword xxii
Part 1 REVIEW ON BASIC CHEMISTRY 3
Chapter 1 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3
1.1 Gas-Liquid-Solid 4
1.2 Thermodynamics 8
1.2.1 Temperature, Heat, and Work 9
1.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 9
1.2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 11
and Entropy Pollution
1.2.4 Free Energy 14
1.2.5 Thermodynamic Properties 17
1.2.6 Applications to Solid Systems 21
1.3 Kinetics 24
1.3.1 First-Order Reactions 25
1.3.2 Second-Order Reactions 25
1.3.3 Consecutive Reactions 26
1.3.4 Temperature Dependence of Reaction 28
Rates
1.4 Units and Conventions 28
Chapter 2 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 39
2.1 Structure and Properties 40
2.2 Functional Groups in Organic Compounds 51
2.2.1 Oxygen Functional Groups 53
2.2.2 Nitrogen Functional Groups 55
2.2.3 Sulfur Functional Groups 56
2.2.4 Others--The Halides and 57
Organometallics
2.3 Structure Activity Relationship 59
2.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 63
2.4 Methods for Studying Structure 65
Activity Relationship
2.4.1 Molecular Connectivity 66
2.4.2 Factor Analysis 66
2.4.3 Pattern Recognition 67
Chapter 3 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 73
3.1 Acid-Base Chemistry 74
3.1.1 Titration Curve 78
3.1.2 Buffers and Buffer Index 82
3.2 Instrument Analysis 84
3.2.1 Gamma-Ray Spectometry 86
3.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction 86
3.2.3 Mass Spectrometry 87
3.2.4 Ultraviolet/Visible 87
Spectrophotometry
3.2.5 Infrared Spectrophotometry 91
3.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 91
3.3 Separation Sciences 93
3.4 Chemical Measurements 99
3.4.1 Precision, Errors, Data Reduction 99
3.4.2 Quality Assurance and Quality 102
Control
Chapter 4 COLLOID AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY 107
4.1 Colloidal System 108
4.2 Colloidal Range and Adsorption 109
4.3 Surfactants 117
4.3.1 Emulsions 119
4.3.2 Membrane-Mimetic Chemistry 123
4.4 Derjaguin-Landau-Verney-Overbeek 126
(DLVO) Theory
4.4.1 Electric Double Layer 127
4.4.2 Electrokinetic Phenomena 132
4.4.3 Hamaker Constants 136
Part 2 CHEMISTRY OF MAJOR SPHERES 143
Chapter 5 LITHOSPHERE--FOSSIL FUELS 143
5.1 Energy and Power 144
5.2 Total Energy Consumption 150
5.3 Fossil Energy 156
5.3.1 Petroleum and Gas 157
5.3.2 Oil Shale 160
5.3.3 Coal 164
5.3.4 Tar Sands 166
5.4 Resource Models 167
5.4.1 Macroscopic Approach by King 167
Hubbert
5.4.2 McKelvey's Microanalytical Model 171
5.4.3 Dynamic Model of Meadows 174
5.4.4 Odum Ecological Model 175
5.5 Energy Conservation and its Chemical 178
Perspective
5.5.1 Intra, Inter and Combined Fuel 178
Conversions
5.5.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery and Ultimate 179
Oil Recovery
5.5.3 Substitution Technology 180
5.5.4 Environmentally-Benigh Processing 182
Chapter 6 THE LITHOSPHERE--ALTERNATIVE 187
ENERGY SOURCES
6.1 Waste Heat 188
6.2 Plank's Law and Absorption 194
6.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's Law and Emissivity 198
6.4 Solar Technology 202
6.4.1 Solar Thermal Electric Conversion 203
6.4.2 Photovoltaic Devices 208
6.5 Miscellaneous Energy Sources 213
6.5.1 Wind Power 213
6.5.2 Tidal Power 218
6.5.3 Geothermal Power 219
6.5.4 Hydrogen Fuel -- "Eco-energy" 220
Chapter 7 LITHOSPHERE--NUCLEAR POWER 225
7.1 Radioactivity 226
7.1.1 Nuclear Binding Energy 227
7.1.2 Nuclear Reactions 228
7.1.3 Radioactive Decay 231
7.1.4 Units of Radioactivity 234
7.1.5 Natural Radiation 236
7.1.6 Nuclear Fission 240
7.1.7 Nuclear Fusion 240
7.2 Nuclear Reactors 242
7.2.1 Thermal Reactors 243
7.2.2 Breeder Reactors 245
7.3 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 246
7.3.1 Nuclear Accident 248
7.4 Radioactive Nuclear Waste 251
7.4.1 Nuclear Waste and Waste Types 252
7.4.2 Biological Concentration of 254
Radioactive Elements
7.5 Nuclear Waste Disposal and Treatment 255
Technology
7.5.1 Transmutation 256
7.5.2 Polymer Extraction 258
7.5.3 Aqueous Extraction for Separation 258
Chapter 8 ATMOSPHERE--STRUCTURE AND 263
PROPERTIES
8.1 Structure of the Atmosphere 264
8.1.1 Barometric Formula 266
8.1.2 Adiabatic Lapse Rate 267
8.2 Greenhouse Effect 268
8.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Cycle 270
8.2.2 Global Warming and Ice Periods 273
8.3 Ozone Layer 282
8.3.1 Beer-Lambert Law and Chapman Layers 282
8.3.2 Depletion of the Ozone Layer 286
8.3.3 Fate of Halomethanes 288
8.4 Stratospheric Chemistry 291
8.4.1 Photochemistry 293
8.4.2 Term Symbols 295
8.5 Thermosphere and Ionosphere 297
Chapter 9 ATMOSPHERE--AIR POLLUTION 301
9.1 Particulates 302
9.2 Sulfur Oxides 308
9.2.1 Desulfurization 310
9.2.2 Removal of Sulfur Dioxide 312
9.2.3 Fate of Sulfur Dioxide 317
9.3 Automotive Emissions 319
9.3.1 Carbon Monoxide 319
9.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides 321
9.3.3 Photochemical Smog 328
9.3.4 Antiknocking Agents 331
9.3.5 Catalytic Converters 334
9.4 Tropospheric Chemistry 335
9.5 Meteorology Influenced by Pollutants 339
9.5.1 Dispersion of Pollutants 341
9.5.2 Gaussian Model 345
Chapter 10 HYDROSPHERE--WATER PROPERTIES AND 351
GROUNDWATER
10.1 Water Cycle 352
10.1.1 Chemistry of Runoff 355
10.2 Chemical Properties of Natural Waters 357
10.3 Acidity and Hardness 361
10.3.1 Hardness 361
10.3.2 Acid Rain 362
10.4 Groundwater 366
10.4.1 Aquifer 367
10.4.2 Darcy's Law and Groundwater 368
Movement
10.4.3 Stream Function and Turbulent Flow 376
10.4.4 Hydrodynamic Control for 397
Contaminant Plume
10.4.5 Chemical Restoration of 404
Contaminated Aquifers
Chapter 11 HYDROSPHERE--NATURAL WATER AND 413
POLLUTION
11.1 Chemical Oceanography 414
11.1.1 Oil Pollution 421
11.1.2 Tributyltin in a Marine 426
Environment
11.2 Rivers and Streams 432
11.3 Chemical Limnology 438
11.4 Eutrophication 442
11.4.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration 444
11.4.2 Eutrophication and Its Control 447
Chapter 12 HYDROSPHERE--WATER TREATMENT 459
12.1 Water Quality Criteria 460
12.1.1 Chemistry of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 466
12.1.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 468
12.1.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 471
12.1.4 Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) 472
and Other Tests
12.2 Staged Wastewater Treatment 476
12.2.1 Primary and Intermediate Treatment 476
12.2.2 Secondary Treatment 479
12.2.3 Tertiary Treatment 479
12.2.4 Quaternary Treatment 479
12.3 Olfaction and Taste in Water 480
12.4 Industrial Wastewater 485
12.4.1 Chemical Perspective of 486
Industrial Wastewater
12.4.2 Chemistry Associated with Synfuel 496
Wastewaters
Chapter 13 PEDOSPHERE--SOIL CHEMISTRY 509
13.1 Introduction to Soil 510
13.2 Soil Formation and Soil Properties 515
13.2.1 Soil Organic Matter 521
13.2.2 Chemical and Physical Weathering 525
13.2.3 Agricultural Applications 531
13.2.4 Geotechnical Applications 535
13.2.5 Biodegradation in Soil 542
13.3 Ubiquitous Global Soil Pollution 544
13.3.1 DDT and PCB 552
13.4 Pesticides and Stockpile Wastes 560
13.4.1 The Third Generation Insecticides 563
13.4.2 Neurotoxin and Stockpile Waste 568
Chapter 14 PEDOSPHERE--HAZARDOUS WASTE AND 577
REMEDIATION
14.1 Solid Waste Chemistry 578
14.1.1 Recycling and Conversion 585
14.1.2 Disposal: Landfill and Leachate 592
14.2 Plastic Wastes 598
14.3 Heavy Metals 606
14.3.1 Mercury 608
14.3.2 Lead 615
14.3.3 Cadmium 616
14.4 Hazardous Waste 617
14.5 Remediation Technology 622
14.5.1 Bioaccumulation 622
14.5.2 Soil Vapor Extraction 623
14.5.3 Encapsulation and Vitrification 629
14.5.4 In-Situ and On-Site Remediation 630
Methods
Chapter 15 BIOSPHERE--GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS 637
15.1 Exosphere 638
15.2 Radioactive Dating 645
15.3 Biochemistry 648
15.3.1 Biopolymer 654
15.3.2 Chemical Evolution 660
15.3.3 Chemical Autopoiesis 665
15.4 Environmental Geochemistry 671
15.4.1 Geochemical Biomarkers 675
15.4.2 Long-Range Geochemical Cycles 682
Chapter 16 BIOSPHERE--TOXICOLOGY AND RISKS 697
16.1 The Quality of Life 698
16.1.1 Optimization for the 700
Infrastructure
16.2 Chemical Toxicology 703
16.2.1 Food Safety 706
16.2.2 Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 710
16.2.3 Radon 717
16.3 Risk Assessment and Occupational 719
Toxicology
16.4 Sound, Microwave, and Other 724
Electromagnetic Exposure
16.4.1 Noise Pollution 726
Appendix A 739
Appendix B 743
Appendix C 744
Appendix D 745
Appendix E 746
Epilogue 747
Index 751
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