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Environmental Chemistry: Chemical Principles for Environmental Processes, Volume 4B
Author: Teh Fu, Yen
Cover: Soft cover
Pages: 576
List Price: $76.00
Published by Prentice Hall
Date Published: 11/1998
ISBN: 0139723250
Table of Contents
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, Volume 4B
Preface xx
Foreword xxii
Part 3 EQUILIBRIA PROCESSES
Chemical Equilibrium 765
Ideal Versus Real System 766
Activity Coefficient for a Binary System 771
in Solution
Electrolyte and Ionic Strength 780
Debye-Huckel Theory 786
Equilibrium of Chemical Reactions 795
Water Softening 803
Carbonate System 805
Carbonate Concentration Diagrams 812
A Closed System of Dissolved Carbonates 812
Dissolved Carbonates in Open System of 815
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Dissolved Carbonates in Contact with 818
Solid Calcium Carbonates (Open to Solid
Minerals)
System Points and Equivalence Points 821
Lime-Soda Ash Process 828
Precipitation and Stabilization 837
Dissolution and Solubility Product 838
A Heterogeneous System of Iron 850
Aluminum Phosphate Precipitation 856
Langelier Index 860
Complexation-Coordination Chemistry 865
Masking 879
Ion Exchange 885
Ion Exchangers and Exchange Reactions 886
Exchange Capacity 888
Exchange Equilibria and Kinetics 893
Selectivity Coefficient and Ion Exchange 894
Isotherm
Diffusion and Ion Exchange Kinetics 900
Applications and Design of Exchangers 905
Adjustable Hardness 905
Desalination and Demineralization 908
Metal Recovery for Plating Wastes 913
Ion Chromatography 915
Coagulation 925
Destabilization 926
Repression of Double Layer 927
Charge Neutralization and Adsorption 931
Entrapment in Precipitates 933
Interparticle Bridging 934
Destabilization Chemicals (Coagulants) 937
Flocculation and Sedimentation 942
Orthokinetic Flocculation Versus 943
Perikinetic Flocculation
Comparison Between Filtration and 946
Coagulation
Mean Velocity Gradient 948
Part 4 Chemical Processes
Disinfection 955
Disinfection Kinetics 956
Disinfection Using Heat and Ultraviolet 965
Light
Chlorine Chemistry 970
Breakpoint Reaction 975
Trihalomethane and Haloacetonitrile 978
Formation
Cyanide Conversion and Phenol Reaction 982
Specialized Disinfectants 984
Fluoridation, Defluoridation, and 988
Dechlorination
Disinfection in Water Distribution System 989
Fluid Mechanics and Flow 989
Convective Diffusion 996
Combustion, Pyrolysis, Incineration, and 1009
Photolysis
Combustion Chemistry 1010
Flame Retardants 1014
Soot and Dioxin 1016
Thermochemistry and Incineration 1022
Catalysis and Catalyst Chemistry 1031
Transition Metal Catalysis and Solubility 1040
Parameters
Catalytic Incineration and Wet Combustion 1045
Pyrolysis 1051
Photometry and Photochemistry 1058
Direct and Sensitized Photolysis 1064
Optical Brighteners 1068
Oxidation and Reduction 1075
Redox Reaction and Its Stoichiometry 1076
Electrode Potential and Electron Activity 1079
pσ-pH Predominance Area Diagrams 1085
Removing Iron and Manganese 1090
Redox Reaction Mechanism 1093
Geochemical Redox Process in Soil 1099
Environment
Miscellaneous Photochemical Applications 1105
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) 1110
Ozonation at Various pH Values 1111
Ozonation with Ultraviolet Radiation 1113
Ozonation-Peroxidation 1118
UV-Peroxidation 1121
Corrosion 1125
Electrochemistry 1126
Mechanisms of Corrosion 1131
The Impressed-Current Cell 1132
The Galvanic Cell 1133
Differential Aeration Cells 1134
Microbial Corrosion 1135
Miscellaneous Mechanisms 1138
Kinetics of Electrode and Transport Control 1141
Corrosion Control Technology 1155
Protective Coating 1156
Deoxygenation 1156
Inhibitors 158
Cathodic Protection 1163
Aeration and Stripping 1167
Henry's Law 1168
Gas Stripping 1171
Mass Transfer 1174
Similitude and Dimensional Analysis 1176
Correlation for Mass Transfer Coefficients 1183
Oxygen Sag Curve 1190
Estuary and Ocean Disposal 1197
Part 5 Biochemical Processes
Biochemical Kinetics and Reactors 1209
Microbial Biochemistry 1210
Energy and Enzymes 1214
Catabolism and Anabolism 1221
Electron Transport Chain 1227
Photosynthesis 1230
Chemical Stoichiometry 1234
Michaelis-Menten Enzyme Kinetics 1237
The King-Altman Method 1240
Inhibition of Enzyme Catalysis 1242
Reactor Analysis 1244
Completely Mixed Batch (CMB) Reactor 1244
Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 1245
Reactors in Series 1246
Plug-Flow (PF) Reactor 1247
Dispersion and Tracer Analysis 1250
Activated Sludge 1261
Microbial Interactions 1262
Predator-Prey Relationship 1266
Trophic Levels and Community Stability 1273
The Chemistry of Activated Sludge 1278
Structure and Bulking of Sludges 1282
Rheological Properties of the Sludges 1286
Kinetic Constants Development 1287
Kinetic Constants from Batch Reactors 1290
Well-Mixed Reactor Without Recycle 1293
Parameters for Activated Sludge Process 1299
Process Loading Factor 1300
Mean Solid Residence Time 1301
Sludge Age 1301
Washout Residence Time 1302
Oxygen Utilization 1302
Sludge Volume Index (SVI) and Total 1304
Sludge Generation Rate
Biotreatment Systems and Bioconversion 1309
Biotransformation and Biodegradation 1310
Co-Metabolism and Bioavailability 1321
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 1328
Biotreatment Systems 1333
Aerobic Ponds and Lagoons 1333
Trickling Filters and Rotating Biological 1338
Contactors
Composting 1346
Bioscrubbing and Biofiltration 1348
Bioreclamation and Biorestoration 1350
Anaerobic Digestion 1354
Nitrification and Denitrification 1357
Enhanced Phosphorous Removal 1361
Part 6 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Sedimentation and Flotation 1369
Sedimentation 1370
Class 1: Discrete Particle Settling 1370
Class 2: Flocculent Settling 1376
Class 3: Zone Settling 1378
Class 4: Compression Settling 1382
Applied Sedimentation 1387
Correlation of Zone Settling Velocity 1388
Analysis of Tube Settlers for Clarifier 1389
Design
Flotation 1391
Flotation Kinetics 1395
Flotation Chemistry 1398
Filtration 1405
Efficiency of Particulate Removal 1407
Filtration Hydraulics 1411
Clogging and Cake Formation 1418
Solids Removal and Backwashing 1420
Chemistry of Filtration Elements 1421
Vacuum Filtration 1427
Centrifugation 1428
Other Chemical Applications of Filtration 1429
Subsurface Transport of Bacteria in 1429
Porous Medium
Electrokinetic Behavior of the Filtration 1435
Media
Adsorption 1441
Chemistry of Activated Carbon 1444
Adsorption Isotherms 1453
Langmuir and BET Equation 1457
Freundlich Equation 1460
Adsorbers Operation and Modeling 1466
Mass Transfer Model 1466
Surface Reaction Model 1472
Adsorbate Concentration Profile --- 1473
Homogenous Surface Diffusion Model
Regeneration for Spent Carbons 1477
Membrane Separation 1483
Chemistry of Membrane Materials 1485
Reverse Osmosis 1493
Rejection Mechanism 1498
Concentration Polarization 1501
Ultrafiltration 1505
Electrodialysis 1506
Gas Separation 1512
Electromechanical, Magnetic, and Sonochemical 1521
Separation
Particulate Removal Under Gravitational and 1522
Electric Fields
Cyclone 1523
Baghouse 1530
Electrostatic Precipitator 1532
Particulate Scrubbers 1534
Magnetic Separation and Treatment 1535
Magnetohydrostatic Separation 1535
Filamentary Matrix Separation Systems 1538
Eddy Current Separation 1542
Dielectric Medium Separation 1545
Magnetic Treatment 1548
Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Treatment 1549
Ultrasound Fundamentals 1549
Sonochemical Treatment 1555
Microwave Applications 1559
Appendix A 1565
Appendix B 1570
Appendix C 1588
Appendix D 1592
Appendix E 1593
Appendix F 1595
Epilogue 1597
Index 1599
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: ESSENTIALS OF
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING PRACTICE, VOLUME 4A
Part 1 REVIEW ON BASIC CHEMISTRY
Physical Chemistry 3
Gas-Liquid-Solid 4
Thermodynamics 8
Temperature, Heat, and Work 9
The First Law of Thermodynamics 9
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and 11
Entropy Pollution
Free Energy 14
Thermodynamic Properties 17
Applications to Solid Systems 21
Kinetics 24
First-Order Reactions 25
Second-Order Reactions 25
Consecutive Reactions 26
Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates 28
Units and Conventions 28
Organic Chemistry 39
Structure and Properties 40
Functional Groups in Organic Compounds 51
Oxygen Functional Groups 53
Nitrogen Functional Groups 55
Sulfur Functional Groups 56
Others---The Halides and Organometallics 57
Structure Activity Relationship 59
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 63
Methods for Studying Structure Activity 65
Relationship
Molecular Connectivity 66
Factor Analysis 66
Pattern Recognition 67
Analytical Chemistry 73
Acid-Base Chemistry 74
Titration Curve 78
Buffers and Buffer Index 82
Instrument Analysis 84
Gamma-Ray Spectometry 86
X-Ray Diffraction 86
Mass Spectrometry 87
Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry 87
Infrared Spectrophotometry 91
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 91
Separation Sciences 93
Chemical Measurements 99
Precision, Errors, Data Reduction 99
Quality Assurance and Quality Control 102
Colloid and Surface Chemistry 107
Colloidal System 108
Colloidal Range and Adsorption 109
Surfactants 117
Emulsions 119
Membrane-Mimetic Chemistry 123
Derjaguin-Landau-Verney-Overbeek (DLVO) 126
Theory
Electric Double Layer 127
Electrokinetic Phenomena 132
Hamaker Constants 136
Part 2 Chemistry of Major Spheres
Lithosphere---Fossil Fuels 143
Energy and Power 144
Total Energy Consumption 150
Fossil Energy 156
Petroleum and Gas 157
Oil Shale 160
Coal 164
Tar Sands 166
Resource Models 167
Macroscopic Approach 167
King Hubbert
McKelvey's Microanalytical Model 171
Dynamic Model of Meadows 174
Odum Ecological Model 175
Energy Conservation and its Chemical 178
Perspective
Intra, Inter and Combined Fuel Conversions 178
Enhanced Oil Recovery and Ultimate Oil 179
Recovery
Substitution Technology 180
Environmentally-Benigh Processing (Green 182
Process)
The Lithosphere---Alternative Energy Sources 187
Waste Heat 188
Plank's Law and Absorption 194
Stefan-Boltzmann's Law and Emissivity 198
Solar Technology 202
Solar Thermal Electric Conversion 203
Photovoltaic Devices 208
Miscellaneous Energy Sources 213
Wind Power 213
Tidal Power 218
Geothermal Power 219
Hydrogen Fuel---``Eco-energy'' 220
Lithosphere---Nuclear Power 225
Radioactivity 226
Nuclear Binding Energy 227
Nuclear Reactions 228
Radioactive Decay 231
Units of Radioactivity 234
Natural Radiation 236
Nuclear Fission 240
Nuclear Fusion 240
Nuclear Reactors 242
Thermal Reactors 243
Breeder Reactors 245
Nuclear Fuel Cycle 246
Nuclear Accident 248
Radioactive Nuclear Waste 251
Nuclear Waste and Waste Types 252
Biological Concentration of Radioactive 254
Elements
Nuclear Waste Disposal and Treatment 255
Technology
Transmutation 256
Polymer Extraction 258
Aqueous Extraction for Separation 258
Atmosphere---Structure and Properties 263
Structure of the Atmosphere 264
Barometric Formula 266
Adiabatic Lapse Rate 267
Greenhouse Effect 268
Carbon Dioxide Cycle 270
Global Warming and Ice Periods 273
Ozone Layer 282
Beer-Lambert Law and Chapman Layers 282
Depletion of the Ozone Layer 286
Fate of Halomethanes 288
Stratospheric Chemistry 291
Photochemistry 293
Term Symbols 295
Thermosphere and Ionosphere 297
Atmosphere---Air Pollution 301
Particulates 302
Sulfur Oxides 308
Desulfurization 310
Removal of Sulfur Dioxide 312
Fate of Sulfur Dioxide 317
Automotive Emissions 319
Carbon Monoxide 319
Nitrogen Oxides 321
Photochemical Smog 328
Antiknocking Agents 331
Catalytic Converters 334
Tropospheric Chemistry 335
Meteorology Influenced by Pollutants 339
Dispersion of Pollutants 341
Gaussian Model 345
Hydrosphere---Water Properties and Groundwater 351
Water Cycle 352
Chemistry of Runoff 355
Chemical Properties of Natural Waters 357
Acidity and Hardness 361
Hardness 361
Acid Rain 362
Groundwater 366
Aquifer 367
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Movement 368
Stream Function and Turbulent Flow 376
Hydrodynamic Control for Contaminant Plume 397
Chemical Restoration of Contaminated 404
Aquifers
Hydrosphere---Natural Water and Pollution 413
Chemical Oceanography 414
Oil Pollution 421
Tributyltin in a Marine Environment 426
Rivers and Streams 432
Chemical Limnology 438
Eutrophication 442
Photosynthesis and Respiration 444
Eutrophication and Its Control 447
Hydrosphere---Water Treatment 459
Water Quality Criteria 460
Chemistry of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 466
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 468
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 471
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) and 472
Other Tests
Staged Wastewater Treatment 476
Primary and Intermediate Treatment 476
Secondary Treatment 479
Tertiary Treatment 479
Quaternary Treatment 479
Olfaction and Taste in Water 480
Industrial Wastewater 485
Chemical Perspective of Industrial 486
Wastewater
Chemistry Associated with Synfuel 496
Wastewaters
Pedosphere---Soil Chemistry 509
Introduction to Soil 510
Soil Formation and Soil Properties 515
Soil Organic Matter 521
Chemical and Physical Weathering 525
Agricultural Applications 531
Geotechnical Applications 535
Biodegradation in Soil 542
Ubiquitous Global Soil Pollution 544
DDT and PCD 552
Pesticides and Stockpile Wastes 560
The Third Generation Insecticides 563
Neurotoxin and Stockpile Waste 568
Pedosphere---Hazardous Waste and Remediation 577
Solid Waste Chemistry 578
Recycling and Conversion 585
Disposal: Landfill and Leachate 592
Plastic Wastes 598
Heavy Metals 606
Mercury 608
Lead 615
Cadmium 616
Hazardous Waste 617
Remediation Technology 622
Bioaccumulation 622
Soil Vapor Extraction 623
Encapsulation and Vitrification 629
In-Situ and On-Site Remediation Methods 630
Biosphere---Geochemical Aspects 637
Exosphere 638
Radioactive Dating 645
Biochemistry 648
Biopolymer 654
Chemical Evolution 660
Chemical Autopoiesis 665
Environmental Geochemistry 671
Geochemical Biomarkers 675
Long-Range Geochemical Cycles 682
Biosphere---Toxicology and Risks 697
The Quality of Life 698
Optimization for the Infrastructure 700
Chemical Toxicology 703
Food Safety 706
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 710
Radon 717
Risk Assessment and Occupational Toxicology 719
Sound, Microwave, and Other Electromagnetic 724
Exposure
Noise Pollution 726
Appendix A 739
Appendix B 743
Appendix C 744
Appendix D 745
Appendix E 746
Epilogue 747
Index 751
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