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Environmental Chemistry: Chemical Principles for Environmental Processes, Volume 4B
Author: Teh Fu, Yen

Cover: Soft cover
Pages: 576
List Price: $76.00
Published by Prentice Hall
Date Published: 11/1998
ISBN: 0139723250


Table of Contents

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
  FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, Volume 4B
  Preface                                            xx
  Foreword                                           xxii
  Part 3 EQUILIBRIA PROCESSES
    Chemical Equilibrium                             765 
      Ideal Versus Real System                       766 
        Activity Coefficient for a Binary System     771 
        in Solution
      Electrolyte and Ionic Strength                 780 
      Debye-Huckel Theory                            786 
      Equilibrium of Chemical Reactions              795 
    Water Softening                                  803 
      Carbonate System                               805 
      Carbonate Concentration Diagrams               812 
        A Closed System of Dissolved Carbonates      812 
        Dissolved Carbonates in Open System of       815 
        Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
        Dissolved Carbonates in Contact with         818 
        Solid Calcium Carbonates (Open to Solid
        Minerals)
      System Points and Equivalence Points           821 
      Lime-Soda Ash Process                          828 
    Precipitation and Stabilization                  837 
      Dissolution and Solubility Product             838 
      A Heterogeneous System of Iron                 850 
        Aluminum Phosphate Precipitation             856 
      Langelier Index                                860 
      Complexation-Coordination Chemistry            865 
        Masking                                      879 
    Ion Exchange                                     885 
      Ion Exchangers and Exchange Reactions          886 
        Exchange Capacity                            888 
      Exchange Equilibria and Kinetics               893 
        Selectivity Coefficient and Ion Exchange     894 
        Isotherm
        Diffusion and Ion Exchange Kinetics          900 
      Applications and Design of Exchangers          905 
        Adjustable Hardness                          905 
        Desalination and Demineralization            908 
        Metal Recovery for Plating Wastes            913 
      Ion Chromatography                             915 
    Coagulation                                      925 
      Destabilization                                926 
        Repression of Double Layer                   927 
        Charge Neutralization and Adsorption         931 
        Entrapment in Precipitates                   933 
        Interparticle Bridging                       934 
      Destabilization Chemicals (Coagulants)         937 
      Flocculation and Sedimentation                 942 
        Orthokinetic Flocculation Versus             943 
        Perikinetic Flocculation
        Comparison Between Filtration and            946 
        Coagulation
        Mean Velocity Gradient                       948 
  Part 4 Chemical Processes
    Disinfection                                     955 
      Disinfection Kinetics                          956 
        Disinfection Using Heat and Ultraviolet      965 
        Light
      Chlorine Chemistry                             970 
      Breakpoint Reaction                            975 
        Trihalomethane and Haloacetonitrile          978 
        Formation
        Cyanide Conversion and Phenol Reaction       982 
        Specialized Disinfectants                    984 
        Fluoridation, Defluoridation, and            988 
        Dechlorination
      Disinfection in Water Distribution System      989 
        Fluid Mechanics and Flow                     989 
        Convective Diffusion                         996 
    Combustion, Pyrolysis, Incineration, and         1009
    Photolysis
      Combustion Chemistry                           1010
        Flame Retardants                             1014
        Soot and Dioxin                              1016
      Thermochemistry and Incineration               1022
        Catalysis and Catalyst Chemistry             1031
        Transition Metal Catalysis and Solubility    1040
        Parameters
        Catalytic Incineration and Wet Combustion    1045
      Pyrolysis                                      1051
      Photometry and Photochemistry                  1058
        Direct and Sensitized Photolysis             1064
        Optical Brighteners                          1068
    Oxidation and Reduction                          1075
      Redox Reaction and Its Stoichiometry           1076
      Electrode Potential and Electron Activity      1079
        pσ-pH Predominance Area Diagrams       1085
      Removing Iron and Manganese                    1090
      Redox Reaction Mechanism                       1093
        Geochemical Redox Process in Soil            1099
        Environment
        Miscellaneous Photochemical Applications     1105
      Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)               1110
        Ozonation at Various pH Values               1111
        Ozonation with Ultraviolet Radiation         1113
        Ozonation-Peroxidation                       1118
        UV-Peroxidation                              1121
    Corrosion                                        1125
      Electrochemistry                               1126
      Mechanisms of Corrosion                        1131
        The Impressed-Current Cell                   1132
        The Galvanic Cell                            1133
        Differential Aeration Cells                  1134
        Microbial Corrosion                          1135
        Miscellaneous Mechanisms                     1138
      Kinetics of Electrode and Transport Control    1141
      Corrosion Control Technology                   1155
        Protective Coating                           1156
        Deoxygenation                                1156
        Inhibitors                                   158 
        Cathodic Protection                          1163
    Aeration and Stripping                           1167
      Henry's Law                                    1168
      Gas Stripping                                  1171
      Mass Transfer                                  1174
        Similitude and Dimensional Analysis          1176
        Correlation for Mass Transfer Coefficients   1183
      Oxygen Sag Curve                               1190
        Estuary and Ocean Disposal                   1197
  Part 5 Biochemical Processes
    Biochemical Kinetics and Reactors                1209
      Microbial Biochemistry                         1210
        Energy and Enzymes                           1214
        Catabolism and Anabolism                     1221
        Electron Transport Chain                     1227
        Photosynthesis                               1230
        Chemical Stoichiometry                       1234
      Michaelis-Menten Enzyme Kinetics               1237
        The King-Altman Method                       1240
        Inhibition of Enzyme Catalysis               1242
      Reactor Analysis                               1244
        Completely Mixed Batch (CMB) Reactor         1244
        Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)       1245
        Reactors in Series                           1246
        Plug-Flow (PF) Reactor                       1247
      Dispersion and Tracer Analysis                 1250
    Activated Sludge                                 1261
      Microbial Interactions                         1262
        Predator-Prey Relationship                   1266
        Trophic Levels and Community Stability       1273
      The Chemistry of Activated Sludge              1278
        Structure and Bulking of Sludges             1282
        Rheological Properties of the Sludges        1286
      Kinetic Constants Development                  1287
        Kinetic Constants from Batch Reactors        1290
        Well-Mixed Reactor Without Recycle           1293
      Parameters for Activated Sludge Process        1299
        Process Loading Factor                       1300
        Mean Solid Residence Time                    1301
        Sludge Age                                   1301
        Washout Residence Time                       1302
        Oxygen Utilization                           1302
        Sludge Volume Index (SVI) and Total          1304
        Sludge Generation Rate
    Biotreatment Systems and Bioconversion           1309
      Biotransformation and Biodegradation           1310
        Co-Metabolism and Bioavailability            1321
        Genetically Engineered Microorganisms        1328
      Biotreatment Systems                           1333
        Aerobic Ponds and Lagoons                    1333
        Trickling Filters and Rotating Biological    1338
        Contactors
        Composting                                   1346
        Bioscrubbing and Biofiltration               1348
        Bioreclamation and Biorestoration            1350
      Anaerobic Digestion                            1354
      Nitrification and Denitrification              1357
        Enhanced Phosphorous Removal                 1361
  Part 6 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
    Sedimentation and Flotation                      1369
      Sedimentation                                  1370
        Class 1: Discrete Particle Settling          1370
        Class 2: Flocculent Settling                 1376
        Class 3: Zone Settling                       1378
        Class 4: Compression Settling                1382
      Applied Sedimentation                          1387
        Correlation of Zone Settling Velocity        1388
        
        Analysis of Tube Settlers for Clarifier      1389
        Design
      Flotation                                      1391
        Flotation Kinetics                           1395
        Flotation Chemistry                          1398
    Filtration                                       1405
      Efficiency of Particulate Removal              1407
      Filtration Hydraulics                          1411
        Clogging and Cake Formation                  1418
        Solids Removal and Backwashing               1420
      Chemistry of Filtration Elements               1421
        Vacuum Filtration                            1427
        Centrifugation                               1428
      Other Chemical Applications of Filtration      1429
        Subsurface Transport of Bacteria in          1429
        Porous Medium
        Electrokinetic Behavior of the Filtration    1435
        Media
    Adsorption                                       1441
      Chemistry of Activated Carbon                  1444
      Adsorption Isotherms                           1453
        Langmuir and BET Equation                    1457
        Freundlich Equation                          1460
      Adsorbers Operation and Modeling               1466
        Mass Transfer Model                          1466
        Surface Reaction Model                       1472
      Adsorbate Concentration Profile ---            1473
      Homogenous Surface Diffusion Model 
        Regeneration for Spent Carbons               1477
    Membrane Separation                              1483
      Chemistry of Membrane Materials                1485
      Reverse Osmosis                                1493
        Rejection Mechanism                          1498
        Concentration Polarization                   1501
      Ultrafiltration                                1505
      Electrodialysis                                1506
      Gas Separation                                 1512
    Electromechanical, Magnetic, and Sonochemical    1521
    Separation
      Particulate Removal Under Gravitational and    1522
      Electric Fields
        Cyclone                                      1523
        Baghouse                                     1530
        Electrostatic Precipitator                   1532
        Particulate Scrubbers                        1534
      Magnetic Separation and Treatment              1535
        Magnetohydrostatic Separation                1535
        Filamentary Matrix Separation Systems        1538
        Eddy Current Separation                      1542
        Dielectric Medium Separation                 1545
        Magnetic Treatment                           1548
      Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Treatment    1549
        Ultrasound Fundamentals                      1549
        Sonochemical Treatment                       1555
        Microwave Applications                       1559
  Appendix A                                         1565
  Appendix B                                         1570
  Appendix C                                         1588
  Appendix D                                         1592
  Appendix E                                         1593
  Appendix F                                         1595
  Epilogue                                           1597
  Index                                              1599
  ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: ESSENTIALS OF
  CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING PRACTICE, VOLUME 4A
  Part 1 REVIEW ON BASIC CHEMISTRY
    Physical Chemistry                               3   
      Gas-Liquid-Solid                               4   
      Thermodynamics                                 8   
        Temperature, Heat, and Work                  9   
        The First Law of Thermodynamics              9   
        The Second Law of Thermodynamics and         11  
        Entropy Pollution
        Free Energy                                  14  
        Thermodynamic Properties                     17  
        Applications to Solid Systems                21  
      Kinetics                                       24  
        First-Order Reactions                        25  
        Second-Order Reactions                       25  
        Consecutive Reactions                        26  
        Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates     28  
      Units and Conventions                          28  
    Organic Chemistry                                39  
      Structure and Properties                       40  
      Functional Groups in Organic Compounds         51  
        Oxygen Functional Groups                     53  
        Nitrogen Functional Groups                   55  
        Sulfur Functional Groups                     56  
        Others---The Halides and Organometallics     57  
      Structure Activity Relationship                59  
        Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons             63  
      Methods for Studying Structure Activity        65  
      Relationship
        Molecular Connectivity                       66  
        Factor Analysis                              66  
        Pattern Recognition                          67  
    Analytical Chemistry                             73  
      Acid-Base Chemistry                            74  
        Titration Curve                              78  
        Buffers and Buffer Index                     82  
      Instrument Analysis                            84  
        Gamma-Ray Spectometry                        86  
        X-Ray Diffraction                            86  
        Mass Spectrometry                            87  
        Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometry        87  
        Infrared Spectrophotometry                   91  
        Nuclear Magnetic Resonance                   91  
      Separation Sciences                            93  
      Chemical Measurements                          99  
        Precision, Errors, Data Reduction            99  
        Quality Assurance and Quality Control        102 
    Colloid and Surface Chemistry                    107 
      Colloidal System                               108 
      Colloidal Range and Adsorption                 109 
      Surfactants                                    117 
      Emulsions                                      119 
        Membrane-Mimetic Chemistry                   123 
      Derjaguin-Landau-Verney-Overbeek (DLVO)        126 
      Theory
        Electric Double Layer                        127 
        Electrokinetic Phenomena                     132 
        Hamaker Constants                            136 
  Part 2 Chemistry of Major Spheres
    Lithosphere---Fossil Fuels                       143 
      Energy and Power                               144 
      Total Energy Consumption                       150 
      Fossil Energy                                  156 
        Petroleum and Gas                            157 
        Oil Shale                                    160 
        Coal                                         164 
        Tar Sands                                    166 
      Resource Models                                167 
        Macroscopic Approach                         167 
          King Hubbert
        McKelvey's Microanalytical Model             171 
        Dynamic Model of Meadows                     174 
        Odum Ecological Model                        175 
      Energy Conservation and its Chemical           178 
      Perspective
        Intra, Inter and Combined Fuel Conversions   178 
        Enhanced Oil Recovery and Ultimate Oil       179 
        Recovery
        Substitution Technology                      180 
        Environmentally-Benigh Processing (Green     182 
        Process)
    The Lithosphere---Alternative Energy Sources     187 
      Waste Heat                                     188 
      Plank's Law and Absorption                     194 
      Stefan-Boltzmann's Law and Emissivity          198 
      Solar Technology                               202 
        Solar Thermal Electric Conversion            203 
        Photovoltaic Devices                         208 
      Miscellaneous Energy Sources                   213 
        Wind Power                                   213 
        Tidal Power                                  218 
        Geothermal Power                             219 
        Hydrogen Fuel---``Eco-energy''               220 
    Lithosphere---Nuclear Power                      225 
      Radioactivity                                  226 
        Nuclear Binding Energy                       227 
        Nuclear Reactions                            228 
        Radioactive Decay                            231 
        Units of Radioactivity                       234 
        Natural Radiation                            236 
        Nuclear Fission                              240 
        Nuclear Fusion                               240 
      Nuclear Reactors                               242 
        Thermal Reactors                             243 
        Breeder Reactors                             245 
      Nuclear Fuel Cycle                             246 
        Nuclear Accident                             248 
      Radioactive Nuclear Waste                      251 
        Nuclear Waste and Waste Types                252 
        Biological Concentration of Radioactive      254 
        Elements
      Nuclear Waste Disposal and Treatment           255 
      Technology
        Transmutation                                256 
        Polymer Extraction                           258 
        Aqueous Extraction for Separation            258 
    Atmosphere---Structure and Properties            263 
      Structure of the Atmosphere                    264 
        Barometric Formula                           266 
        Adiabatic Lapse Rate                         267 
      Greenhouse Effect                              268 
        Carbon Dioxide Cycle                         270 
        Global Warming and Ice Periods               273 
      Ozone Layer                                    282 
        Beer-Lambert Law and Chapman Layers          282 
        Depletion of the Ozone Layer                 286 
        Fate of Halomethanes                         288 
      Stratospheric Chemistry                        291 
        Photochemistry                               293 
        Term Symbols                                 295 
      Thermosphere and Ionosphere                    297 
    Atmosphere---Air Pollution                       301 
      Particulates                                   302 
      Sulfur Oxides                                  308 
        Desulfurization                              310 
        Removal of Sulfur Dioxide                    312 
        Fate of Sulfur Dioxide                       317 
      Automotive Emissions                           319 
        Carbon Monoxide                              319 
        Nitrogen Oxides                              321 
        Photochemical Smog                           328 
        Antiknocking Agents                          331 
        Catalytic Converters                         334 
      Tropospheric Chemistry                         335 
      Meteorology Influenced by Pollutants           339 
        Dispersion of Pollutants                     341 
        Gaussian Model                               345 
    Hydrosphere---Water Properties and Groundwater   351 
      Water Cycle                                    352 
        Chemistry of Runoff                          355 
      Chemical Properties of Natural Waters          357 
      Acidity and Hardness                           361 
        Hardness                                     361 
        Acid Rain                                    362 
      Groundwater                                    366 
        Aquifer                                      367 
        Darcy's Law and Groundwater Movement         368 
        Stream Function and Turbulent Flow           376 
        Hydrodynamic Control for Contaminant Plume   397 
        Chemical Restoration of Contaminated         404 
        Aquifers
    Hydrosphere---Natural Water and Pollution        413 
      Chemical Oceanography                          414 
        Oil Pollution                                421 
        Tributyltin in a Marine Environment          426 
      Rivers and Streams                             432 
      Chemical Limnology                             438 
      Eutrophication                                 442 
        Photosynthesis and Respiration               444 
        Eutrophication and Its Control               447 
    Hydrosphere---Water Treatment                    459 
      Water Quality Criteria                         460 
        Chemistry of Dissolved Oxygen (DO)           466 
        Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)              468 
        Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                 471 
        Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) and         472 
        Other Tests
      Staged Wastewater Treatment                    476 
        Primary and Intermediate Treatment           476 
        Secondary Treatment                          479 
        Tertiary Treatment                           479 
        Quaternary Treatment                         479 
      Olfaction and Taste in Water                   480 
      Industrial Wastewater                          485 
        Chemical Perspective of Industrial           486 
        Wastewater
        Chemistry Associated with Synfuel            496 
        Wastewaters
    Pedosphere---Soil Chemistry                      509 
      Introduction to Soil                           510 
      Soil Formation and Soil Properties             515 
        Soil Organic Matter                          521 
        Chemical and Physical Weathering             525 
        Agricultural Applications                    531 
        Geotechnical Applications                    535 
        Biodegradation in Soil                       542 
      Ubiquitous Global Soil Pollution               544 
        DDT and PCD                                  552 
      Pesticides and Stockpile Wastes                560 
        The Third Generation Insecticides            563 
        Neurotoxin and Stockpile Waste               568 
    Pedosphere---Hazardous Waste and Remediation     577 
      Solid Waste Chemistry                          578 
        Recycling and Conversion                     585 
        Disposal: Landfill and Leachate              592 
      Plastic Wastes                                 598 
      Heavy Metals                                   606 
        Mercury                                      608 
        Lead                                         615 
        Cadmium                                      616 
      Hazardous Waste                                617 
      Remediation Technology                         622 
        Bioaccumulation                              622 
        Soil Vapor Extraction                        623 
        Encapsulation and Vitrification              629 
        In-Situ and On-Site Remediation Methods      630 
    Biosphere---Geochemical Aspects                  637 
      Exosphere                                      638 
      Radioactive Dating                             645 
      Biochemistry                                   648 
        Biopolymer                                   654 
        Chemical Evolution                           660 
        Chemical Autopoiesis                         665 
      Environmental Geochemistry                     671 
        Geochemical Biomarkers                       675 
        Long-Range Geochemical Cycles                682 
    Biosphere---Toxicology and Risks                 697 
      The Quality of Life                            698 
        Optimization for the Infrastructure          700 
      Chemical Toxicology                            703 
        Food Safety                                  706 
        Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis               710 
        Radon                                        717 
      Risk Assessment and Occupational Toxicology    719 
      Sound, Microwave, and Other Electromagnetic    724 
      Exposure
        Noise Pollution                              726 
  Appendix A                                         739 
  Appendix B                                         743 
  Appendix C                                         744 
  Appendix D                                         745 
  Appendix E                                         746 
  Epilogue                                           747 
  Index                                              751